For decades, European countries assumed that China is a benign force in international relations.
East China Sea
Video: “China policy is a subset of our Asia policy, and not the other way around” – Daniel Russel opens USCI “China’s Growing Pains” Conference

Assistant Secretary of State Russel delivered the 2016 Herbert G. Klein Lecture to open the USC U.S.-China Institute conference on “China’s Growing Pains.”
Daniel Russel, “Remarks at USCI’s China’s Growing Pains Conference,” April 22, 2016
Assistant Secretary of State Russel delivered the 2016 Herbert G. Klein Lecture to open the USC U.S.-China Institute conference on “China’s Growing Pains.”
Department of Defense, "Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy," August 21, 2015
On August 21, 2015, the United States Department of Defense published, "Asia-Pacific Maritime Security Strategy: Achieving U.S. National Security Objectives in a Changing Environment".
Congressional Research Service, China’s Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ), January 30, 2015
This CRS report was written by Ian E. Rinehart and Bart Elias.
Manicom, Bridging Troubled Waters - China, Japan, and Maritime Order in the East China Sea (March, 2014)
James Manicom's book was reviewed by Ian Storey for H-Diplo and is published here under Creative Commons license. - See more at: http://china.usc.edu/kinkley-vistions-dystopia-chinas-new-historical-novels-2014#sthash.NwvMwS1w.dpuf
Congressional Research Service, “Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China,” August 5, 2014
This CRS report was written by Ronald O'Rourke, specialist in Naval Affairs.
Roy, Return of the Dragon: Rising China and Regional Security (July 2, 2013)
Denny Roy's book is reviewed by Lyle Goldstein and published by H-Diplo in February 2014. It is published here under Creative Commons license.
Congressional Research Service, “Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China,” June 6, 2014
This CRS report was written by Ronald O'Rourke, specialist in Naval Affairs.
Congressional Research Service, “Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China,” March 14, 2014
This CRS report was written by Ronald O'Rourke, specialist in Naval Affairs.
U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, "Hearing: China and the Evolving Security Dynamics in East Asia (Webcast)," March 13, 2014
This hearing was conducted by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission on March 13, 2014. The U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission was created by the U.S. Congress in 2000 to monitor, investigate, and submit to Congress an annual report on the national security implications of the economic relationship between the United States and the People’s Republic of China.
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European views toward China are not uniform. Europeans recognize China's economic prowess and clearly favor continued ties, but majorities in much of Europe now have a negative view towards China.
Events
Tensions evident in the recent European Union-China virtual summit reflect the increasing skepticism in Europe toward China and the worries over Ukraine and economic ties as well as human rights and environmental issues.