The year 1990 marked a turning point for both Nicaragua and Cuba, after which each pursued a distinct pathway toward the market. Russia also initiated its opening to the market at that time, while China began the process earlier. This talk is organized around a double comparison: of Nicaragua’s rapid retreat from socialism with Cuba’s reconfiguration of socialism; and Russia’s rapid retreat from socialism with China’s reconfiguration of socialism. These dynamics are examined through the lens of agricultural policy and its consequences.
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